I have come across your webpage with the crew listing for the USS Tioga. I believe that my father's name appears on your list, D T DelPercio (Daniel Thomas DelPercio - actually "Donato"). He was on an LST during the
Korean War, although I am not sure if it was the Tioga. My father passed away this past August after a two year battle with lung cancer. After leaving the navy, he went on to own his own business and later upon leaving that, returned to work at Sikorsky Aircraft in Shelton, Connecticut. He lived most of his life in Monroe, Connecticut. He had five children and eight grandchildren. I wish I had found your site ealier, dad would have gotten a kick out of it and would surely have contacted you himself. Rgds, Daniel DelPercio Jr., 10 April 2004
Hi:
I just discovered your very excellent website a year or so ago. I was of course interested in the follow on history of the ship since I was part of the commissioning crew. I'm also sorry to see that no other members of the wardroom plankowners are participants at the website since I would dearly like to get in touch with them.
You may not know of the troubled early history of the ship. We failed our first underway training exercises in Little Creek and were ordered up to Newport to undergo a second training period. We felt that we were doing ok but the training command shipriders kept increasing in rank until the final exercise. The debriefing in the wardroom was embarassing for the Skipper in front of his officers and Chiefs. As we got underway for Norfolk I had the unfortunate duty of delivering a radio message to the CO informing him the he was 'relieved with discredit'.
We got a new CO in Norfolk and were ordered to San Diego. The ship had many serious deficiences related to the new untried variable pitch propellers, so we were restricted to 11 knots. This resulted in our diesels exhausting unburned fuel from the Kingposts so we had black rain on the bridge all the way to San Diego.
In San Diego we were put in a 'less than full operational' status so we were used to take UDT trainees to San Clemente for Hell Week and act as a floating hotel for them. and for various exercises in San Diego Harbor. Not very exciting. We Had a variety of incidents in these exercises which resulted in shipboard investigations where I, as GQ OOD, was an 'interested party' even though I did not have the conn in these events. Needless to say, when an opportunity to leave occurred, I left.
I went on to a career in Missile Development - from Loon to Polaris, and am retired as a CDR.
John Bader John Bader., 09/20/2008
Shipmates. I sat for several minutes looking at the rusting hull and abandonment (Save The Tiger) of the LST 1158. I Cried and laughed at the many good times and hard work we put into her. All the rusting and later on the coming of scraping will not change any of it. I can say how proud it was to have served on her. The many good Friends I made and some I am still in contact with. May God take this lovely lady into his hands and set her afloat once again. The crew will be the spirits of the many sailors that walked her deck, they are still there. I am so proud to have served on the LST 1158. God Bless this ship and all its crew. Jon r. Jon R 'Curly' Benson, 15 November 2004
I enlisted in May, 1954 at the age of 19. I completed Boot Camp at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center. My grandfather passed way that summer, and I was unable to attend his funeral. My older sister was married in November, and I missed that too. After several weeks of school, I was assigned to Westpac Duty with the Amphibious Forces Pacific (PhibPac), aboard the USS Tioga County 'Tiger' in January, 1955. The ship made many trips abroad, including Hong Kong, Yokosuka Japan, Okinawa, and of course Pearl Harbor. I served onboard the Tiger as a Shipfitter Metalsmith from January 1955 until I was discharged in May 1958. Darvin Hensley, 28 August 2002
I Googled my name and was suprised to see my dad's photo. He was the ship's captain from 1954-1956. For your information, he died 12-21-90. Albert McCloskey Jr, 08 July 2006
I came aboard USS Tioga January 2, 1955 straight out of Radio school at Bainbridge MD. She was just LST 1158 at that time. I was a RMSA and I started campaigning to take the Seaman's test which Mr.. Stark the Operations Division Officer arranged for me. I passed and made Seaman the second month aboard. Six months later I took the 3rd class test and passed. I was lucky that my rate had no quotas and all I had to do was pass the test and I got the promotion. Passed the RM1 test in 1957 and got my first class stripes December 1, 1957 and mustered out at Treasure Island December 19.
During my almost three years aboard, the ship made trips to Alaska and Hawaii before deploying to Japan in January, 1957. We operated out of Yokosuka and made trips to Hong Kong and the Philippines. We were the flagship for, I believe, Comlanshipron 3. After I returned to my home in Kentucky, I returned to San Diego in January 1958 but could not find a job due to the recession that was full blown at that time. I returned to Kentucky and reclaimed a job in Evansville Ind. that I left on a military leave of absence. I met my wife in April of 1958 and we were married in December. I made use of my GI Bill and started to college at Evansville University in September 1958 and transferred to Brescia University in Owensboro Ky. in September 1959. I graduated from Brescia in May of 1962 with a bachelors degree in accounting. I was recruited by the Internal Revenue Service and was hired in July of 1963 and retired from government service in October of 1993 with 34 years service counting my Navy time. During my time with the IRS, I was an auditor for 12 years and a manager for 18. I never had occasion to use my radioman skills after discharge. I could probably send about 15 wpm now but would have to do a lot of practicing to copy at that speed. My wife and I sold our five bedroom home after our last child got married and left the roost, and are now are living in a patio home in Louisville, Ky. It is like a retirement community where all grass cutting and other outside work is done for me for a monthly fee. This gives me plenty of time to spend at our summer home on Rough River lake fishing off of our pontoon boat. In other words I am enjoying retirement. We have four children, two boys and two girls, and ten grandchildren ranging in age from two to twenty. I really enjoyed reminiscing about my time aboard the Tiger while browsing the website. I have posted my email address and look forward to hearing from other crew members. Daniel Hawes, 15 September 2004
After 3 years, the ship still was not fully commissioned because it couldn't pass full power trials. I got it fully commissioned in a few months after coming aboard. The forward-and-after arrangement of the engine rooms made the port shaft 30-foot longer than the Starboard one. It had reversible-pitch propellers, controlled with a long rod through that hollow shaft that obviously contracted and expanded with temperature. As a result, that extra 30 foot allowed just enough extra-length expansion of the control rod so as to load the Port Engine with a half-foot more pitch. When I pointed out that this was the probably reason for the overload and overheating of that engine at full power, the Bureau of Ships bought it and commissioned the ship! She ran perfectly at full power with that adjustment. Talk about a country boy teaching the Engineer Phd's. Lcdr. Willis Langford, 06 March 2004
The Tiger had been out at sea for some time, when we found ourselves smack in the center of Typhoon Agnes. The Tiger was being pushed back and forth into the island trying to survive the 60-foot sea waves. We understood later that we were within 50 miles of the eye of the storm. Darvin Hensley, 28 August 2002
The Mariner’s Passage Psalm 107 “They that go down to the sea in ships, that do business in great waters;
these see the works of the Lord, and his wonders in the deep.”
Our squadron received the first squadron-level insignia in the Pacific Fleet Amphibious Force. Commanded by Commander Charles W. Jenkins, the "You Call, We Haul" squadron was composed of the Tioga County, Russell County, Holmes County, Outagamie County, Polk County, Saline County, San Joaquin County, Snohomish County, and the Steuben County. In 1957, we took part in operations from the Phillipines to Japan, and was able to survive Typhoon Agnes. Darvin Hensley, 28 August 2002
'Insignia of the Force' Newspaper Article (253kb)
Article courtesy of USS Polk County 'Jay Chandler'
I was on the 1158 for only a couple months. I was transfered to the 1090 the latter part of June 1957 in Kobe. At the time I was ICFA. I was IC3 when I left the 1090 the 1st of October 1959. I did meet a guy that was on the 1158 after I got home. I live in Centralia, WA and he was from Lebam, WA. Not too far from Centralia. Unfortunately he passed away a few years ago. I believe his name was Dave Kimsey. There was another guy from Centralia that served aboard the 1158, his name was Gary Bryson. He has also passed away. I worked at the Centralia Fire Dept. with his dad. Terry Whipple, 29 September 2002
Just recently I discovered the website of the USS Tioga County LST-1158, my father Binford L. Collins served aboard around the late 50's and early 60's time frame he was an SK1 at the time when he reported aboard the ship and made chief while stationed there. He retired from the U.S. Navy in 1969 after 22 years of service at the rank of Senior Chief Storekeeper. After the Navy he went to worked at an industial plant in Hopewell, Va. as a pipefitter for 21 years retiring altogether in 1990. I myself entered the Navy in 1983 and retired in 2003 after 20 years of service, I was also a supply rate but a mess management specialist (cook) back in yours and my dads day they were called commissaryman. My father talked nothing but the fondest memories of the TIOGA COUNTY. Six months ago (Jan. 04) my dad passed away at the age of 74 years old after a long illness. Can you please place his name in the "In Memory Of" section of the website. Bill Collins, 13 August 2004
It is with deep regret that I write this e-mail. Gene (Leslie E. Willis, CWO-2, USN, ret.) passed away on the 10th of this month. He battled chronic renal disease for seven years, living on dialysis for 3 years and 4 months. In August, we found out that he had Myelodisplasia and it was downhill from there. He lived long enough to see CRSC pay for five months. He fought a good fight but spent his last 13 days in the hospital in Tyler, TX where our oldest daughter is a nurse. I was able to stay in the room with him the whole time. Gene had been in Houston VAMC from August 9th through September 11th. We had a thirty day hotel bill down there, spending the last couple of nights in his room. This was where he had his first bone marrow biopsy. He had another biopsy in Tyler because we were unable to get complete records from VA. The hematology department didn't set up an appointment until Nov. 3rd but by then Gene had had three platelet transfusions and one whole blood transfusion since the 7th of October. Gene had 5 chemo treatments but with so little known of the effect of chemo on dialysis patients, it was a chance we had to take as transfusions were not working. Gene will be missed by many people. He was one of the two original members of the volunteer fire department in Appleby so had fire fighters for active and honorary pall bearers and had an honor guard at the cemetery. Love and best wishes to all, Millie Willis, 23 November 2003
Hi, this is Gary L Brown, Tioga Cty 1960-61 RDSN. Transferred to the Polk cty just before the Tioga left for ice berg charting in Alaska in 61. This is a picture of Vince Davies RD3 and I taken Feb. of this year when he and his wife Adrianne came to visit us in Costa Rica Feb. of this year. I was only 17 when I joined the Navy and only on the Tioga for about one year. Catching up with Her in the San Pedro yards in 60 when she returned from Japan and Subik Bay. I had not contacted anyone from the Tioga until Vince looked me up from an old address last year. Nice to have a site where I can check up on old friends. Keep me on your site and will chat as I have something to say. Gary Brown, 08 July 2004
Hello Friends, this is Bess sending you this to let you know we are on-line again. Since 11/15/03 we have not had e-mail and therefore any notes you have sent to Rick have been lost because our accounts became inactive. Just to bring you up to date on his condition. We have truely witnessed a miracle (in fact several!) regarding his health and current condition.
Some of you may not have know that Rick had a triple bypass on 11/20 (just 3 days after we moved!). That surgery went well and he came home for a week. On Thanksgiving day I had to call 911 because he couldn't breathe. The doctors stabilized him at Auburn Hospital and he returned home. Then he noticed some snapping and grinding sounds in his chest. His surgeon had CAT scans done as well as blood work. Come to find out his sternum had separated and he was suffering kidney failure as well as low blood count. He was hospitalized again on 12/3 and after getting the kidneys working again and blood count up, they did surgery to repair the sternum. Come to find out, the wires had pulled through the right side of the sternum so there was nothing to reattach to. So they had to leave the wound open with wet bandages and called in a plastic surgeon to take a portion of the "omentum"-not sure of the spelling- (flap over the bowel) and bring it up. So many wonderful people have been praying for him. God has answered our prayers and he has now turned the corner. In fact...on New Year's day he was admitted to the inpatient rehabilitation center at St. Joseph's for physical and occupational therapy! Rick was so weak he could not even move his hands or legs for a long time after he came off life support. So to now be in rehab is a miracle!! He walked yesterday - the first time in a month. He has a strong desire to get well. Please keep him in your prayers as he moves forward. If you want to send him an email I'll print it and take to him. Or if you want to call him his phone number is 253-426-4100, then when the recorder starts just dial 127-3421. That will ring into his room. Best to call him in the afternoon on the weekends or between 6 -8 pm during the week. Otherwise he will be in therapy. I want to thank those of you who knew of his condition and have called, send cards and most of all, prayed for him. It is, without a doubt, prayer that has pulled him through. God is loving and caring and does hear our prayers. Most of all, I give praise to Him. Bess Fletcher, 03 January 2004
I boarded the Tioga County in May 1962. She was in moored downtown San Diego. I was all excited because “my ship” would be tied up downtown just blocks from the USO and the Seven Seas locker club! I quickly realized it was an open house weekend. On Monday we got underway and went due south to our regular mooring spot – Mole Pier, National City. I was fresh out of “A” school an 18-year-old Radarman and hoped for a Destroyer. I knew my stuff. I could track targets, dead-reckon, navigate, work air search, and calculate anti-sub evasive maneuvers with the best of them. I quickly found out that wasn’t what amphibious ops is all about. Like an apprentice I had to learn from my shipmates. They were good and I learned a lot. I remember one of our exercises for the green “E” was to drop anchor in a designated spot off the Silver Strand at night using only radar navigation. I prided my self in navigation and wanted to score big. As we got close in to the mark the bridge kept bugging me to let go the anchor. I made them wait. At the right moment I called out on the sound powered phones “recommend dropping anchor sir”. Down she went and I could hear the rumble from CIC. It was quite a while before we heard the results and I kept checking our position to see if I goofed up. Capt. Cheek stormed into CIC with the XO. This wasn’t normal and I was scared to death thinking I had done something wrong. He asked, “Who did the navigating?” I piped up meekly “I did Sir” ready to take full blame. “How did you do that?” I said “What Sir?” “You dropped that anchor dead center in the hole - you’re showing me up son”. It was not normal in radar navigation to dead center in the hole. I explained to the Captain that I wanted to do the best I could for the crew in the exercise so that afternoon I paced off the distance between the radar antenna and the anchor. I made special markings on the chart to take that distance into account and made a special “cheat sheet” to calculate drift. I’d like to think I was smarter than anyone else but a lot of luck was involved. Captain Cheek thanked me for a job well done and we got the green “E”. We won two of them while I was on board. There were many other memorable times like 27 March 1964, Good Friday. We were underway half way between Honolulu and San Diego when the Teletype reported an earthquake in Alaska and predicted tsunamis. It registered 8.4 on the Richter scale but later upgraded to 9.2, making this the second largest earthquake ever recorded in the world and the largest for the Northern Hemisphere. We were scared not knowing what tsunamis at sea would do to the ship. My eyes were glued to that green radar curser all night with such intensity my eyes still hurt. Little did I know then I would be making Alaska my home. Mark Johnson, 05 July 2004
Man am I glad you sent this, I had your web site and really enjoyed it but lost it when I had some computer trouble. I was on the Tioga from Nov. 62 until July 66, almost 4 years of fun, ha. I really did cause three of my buddies got off Jimmy Tedder, Donnie Hartley, Jim Capps, we met in Raleigh, N C when we joined an went to Great Lakes for boot training then to the Tioga in Long Beach Calif. We all got together about 10 years ago an have about every year. I'm sure this picture isn't me, I sent it to my buddies to see if they know who it is, but this guy is bigger then I, I'm tall an slim. When I learn more about this computer I'll send some pictures of the Tioga while I was on her, and thanks again for your website. M K Moore, 09 July 2003
I am Jimmy Tedder and I was on the Tioga County along with MK Moore, Donnie Hartley and Jimmy Capps. According to MK he has been corresponding with you about the four of us and how we met and went through boot camp togather and then we were all assigned to the Tioga. We reported aboard when it was in dry docks for overhaul in Oct. of 1962 the same time of the Cubin Missile crisis. We have kept in close contact with each other and get togather at least once a year. They are like family to me and we still enjoy talking to
each other and now that we all have computers that makes us even closer. I was a deck ape for the first six or eight months then went to the gunnery div. and then MK followed and then Donnie Hartley. Jimmy Capps went up to the bridge to be a quartermaster and was shortly transfered to a L.C.M. and then Donnie was transfered to the Snohomish County I think. I was transfered to the USS Vancouver LPD 2 for the remainder of my 2 years. Take care and let me hear from you.
Jim Tedder, 11 July 2003
During the first half of 1963 your ship operated with my ship the USS Navarro APA-215 off Hawaii. During this time we were unknowing participants in secret chemical and biological test in two operations called AUTUMN GOLD and EAGER BELLE II. We were subjected to various biological agents without our knowlege or consent. A lot of us now have health issues that we believe are due to this exposure. 21 of us and the VVA are now involved in a lawsuit against former and current officials of the DoD and the VA over this issue. If you were on the Tioga County during this time you can email me for more information or check the DoD and VA websites for information on SHAD.
Hi I'm KarenFrancisco. Grant Lucky Francisco was my husband. He passed away December of 2004. He left the Tioga in October of 64. He had a Brain tumor and was Part of the Shad Investigation. Can his name be taken off the mailing list and put on as deceased? Thank You. Karen Francisco 23 August 2005
I ran across this site while doing a search on my Granddad, Cmdr Oscar J. Vogel. Just as an update as I saw his location unknown. He retired from the Navy in the late 1970s and remained in San Diego until his passing this past November. His wife and 2 daughters remain in SD, 1 daughter in Santa Barbara and 1 in Texas. He has 2 grandchildren in the military, Nicole station with the Navy in San Diego, and Rob a medic currently in Iraq. Tanya 03 February 2006
My father Richard "Dick" Burris was on the ship in the 60's. Reading the message board, his name was mentioned as an XO. I was young at the time but remember those long WestPac's! Also, Bill Springs and Capt. Smith were guests at our house often. My father passed away in 1995 but I have fond memories of his ship stories. He was a true Navy man! Denia Burris Graham, 28 December 2003
I was privileged to serve on the Tioga first as the CIC Officer and then as the Communications Officer and finally as the Operations Officer. I see in the log the comments of some of those with whom I served and their loved ones; for example Captain Ekman, Dick Cline, Dave Rogers, Tom Miller,Tony Massey, Captain Smith's widow and Sheldon Bowman's widow. While I was on board Larry Rice and Billy Ralph Tilger were XO's along with Dick Burris and Bill Spring. Bill Meddings was the First Lt. replaced by Tom Kopfler when Bill left for the "greyhound" fleet after a tour at Destroyer school. When I came on board Bill Early was the Operations Officer soon replaced by Bill Barstad. Bill was replaced by Landis Morefield and I replaced Landis. Walt Buchert was the Engineering Officer to be replaced by Joel Taylor.Jim Seeley replaced Joel I believe. I don't recall whether Charlie Torri replaced Jim or whether there was an intervening Engineering Officer. Dave Hull was the Gunnery Officer when I reported and I believe that Tom Kopfler replaced him before he became First Lt. Fred Hannes was the Supply Officer who was replaced by Terry Boyd. Of course we all knew that the ship ran because of the Chiefs and we had outstanding Chiefs. I especially recall BMC Chitester and QMC "Frenchy" Verroneau. There was an outstanding Chief Electrician whose name escapes me. When I was the Ops Officer I was privileged to serve with an outstanding group of men who worked hard especially during two tours in Vietman [so what if we bent the rules a bit in port and maybe did not have a full complement of men on board]. The point is that when asked, these men did what was asked on them and I take great pride in the fact that I was one of them, especially during the long hours on operations in Vietnam. I had occasion to return to Vietman in 1994, but only to Hanoi. What a strange and beautiful country. All for now, anyone feel free to write. Paul Kane, 10 June 2003
My son just called to chat and happened to tell me that he had done a Google search on his name which is the same as mine, and that there was a web site that might interest me as it contained information on some of my old shipmates. Boy, does this bring back some memories. I left Tioga in March of 1967 and in September, on the advise from Walter Buchert (our engineering officer), signed back up for a two year tour at the Navy Information Center (NAVIC) at the Pentagon. Walt had extended for one year which allowed him to leave the Tioga after two years and to spend the next two years at NAVIC. How he figured I would make a computer programmer is beyond me, but I owe him big time for a successful career. From NAVIC I went to the Smithsonian for four years, and then USDA in New Orleans for 25 years. Presently I am retired in Amite, LA. Bill Meddings was living in the Washington area during my time there and I had a visit from Paul Kane and his wife Ellen when they came to New Orleans in the mid seventies. I can truly thank all the outstanding men who served under me for any success I realized as Gunnery Officer and First Lieutenant, especially FTG2 Luce, BM3 Moore, and the one man who really ran things anyway, Chief Chitister. Best regards to all. Tom Tom Kopfler, 12 July 2003
My name is Mary Campisi, I was married to Sheldon Bowman who served on the USS Tioga County in 1965-67. He died 14 Jan. 1998 from a rare form of cancer in the lining of his lungs (never smoked). He was 52 years old. At the time of his death (he was ill only three months), it was suggested by his oncologist that his death was related to agent orange or other biological causes occuring while serving. Since then I have read some reports recently released by the DOD about the use of the USS Tioga County for biological testing while in Hawaii. (He spent part of his time in Hawaii --Christmas '65 etc.) I was just curious as to whether you are aware of anything regarding deaths of sailors on the Tioga County. His best buddies were Gary Arens from Concord California and Bob Shoaf from Columbus Ohio. I also noted the name of Charles Smith on your web site. That name seems familiar. Is there an e-mail address for him? Sheldon always loved his days at sea. We buried his ashes in San Diego harbor.
I came aboard in Dec. 1965 in Hawaii, my brother William D 'Doug' Scarborough was already on board. I think he came on board in 1964, He was transfered to the USS Pueblo in the first part of 1967. I visited him on the USS Pueblo in Oct. 1967 before their deployment to Japan. He was Captured along with the Crew and released by the N. Koreans in Dec 1968. He passed away Feb. 20, 1970. He was only out of the Navy about one year before his Death....
Johnny Scarborough, 06 November 2004
Started out as a seaman, and left as Damage Controlman 3rd Class. Served under Commander Vogel and later Commander Ekman - have good memories of Ekman. Remember XO Rice and LT Coffler from Louisiana. John Herman lived nearby in Oregon who left the Tioga County in '65, but he passed on in '99. We were beached with a loaded ship on the coast of Vietnam for three days. Served guard duty while the cable that was wrapped around the propeller was being removed. The ship ended up being pulled off the beach by two tugboats. Tony Galinski, 03 December 2002
I was a young fresh-caught Ensign in 1967 when I reported onboard in the shipyard at Long Beach. I can honestly state Tioga really started me toward a Navy career, when I initially had no intention of remaining in the service. 23 years later, I retired from the USN. I really learned how to 'drive ships" onboard the "Tiger" - becoming the sea duty OOD eventually. It was a "wild and crazy" Navy in those days. The final Commanding Officer was Melvin R. Woody (Mel) . He relieved Charlie Smith just before we started workups for a WestPac deployment that would be her final cruise in commissioned status. Woody was our CO through that final cruise, then until decommissioning. I was the final Operations Officer. I started in late 1967, early 1968 as CIC Officer, then took over Communications from Harry Jonas, then relieved as OPS from Tom Nowak. Tom as I recall applied for the early out program... and I had orders to the USS BEXAR as Commander... and Capt Woody got those cancelled to keep me in place. Nowak had relieved LT Cline as OPS when he returned to civilian life and more college time. The Navy was good to me however. I left Tioga for destroyer school department head crs, then went to destroyers and frigates in the Atlantic Fleet. Got a subspeciality in ASW/Ocean Surveillance... towed arrays... chasing Russian Submarines... "Hunt For Red October" type of guy. I was Department Head on frigates, XO USS CAPODANNO, CO USS AINSWORTH... Fleet Ops Atlantic Fleet, Surface Ops of a Battle Group... weird jobs at Naval Research Laboratory and weirdest-Embassy Tehran Iran before it fell apart. I retired in 1990, and am now a real estate agent with Realty Executives Virginia Beach... which is proving to help pay the bills! I do a lot of military relocation, still working with the Navy, but not able to drive ships anymore. Art Carden, 23 October 2003
I rode the Tiger on her last Wes-Pac cruise departing San Diego on 6 Jan. 1970 loaded with new Pbr's. Our destination was Dong Tam about 40 miles up the Mekong Delta. Vietmanization was underway and these boats were being turned over to the ARVN,S. Spending several days there offloading we transited the river back to Vung Tau and up coast and loaded out marines and equipment and made the trip to Iwakuni, Japan. Then on to Sasaebo where I tacked on 3rd class. We made many trips up and down the coast loading and unloading marines from DaNang, Chu Lai, and Cam Rhan Bay. Several R&R trips to Hong Kong, Subic Bay and Japan broke up the monoteny. The Tiger returned to San Diego on July 7th and soon began the decommissing process and was taken off the rolls on 28 Dec. 1970. I remained on the ship a few days into Jan of 1971 and was one of the few to officially turn the lights off. This was a sad day as the ship had been my home for a year and a half.
Rodney Dubbert, 10 December 2002
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